[proofplan] We construct the de Rham map $I_M$ via integration of forms over smooth simplices and verify that it is a natural cochain map. The strategy is a Mayer–Vietoris induction on a **good cover** (an open cover whose finite intersections are all diffeomorphic to convex open subsets of $\mathbb R^n$). The base case is the contractible open: there the smooth Poincaré lemma (external standard result: closed forms on star-shaped opens are exact in positive degree and degree $0$ consists of constants on connected opens) collapses the de Rham complex onto $\mathbb R$ in degree $0$, and contractibility collapses singular cohomology to the same, with $I_M$ identifying both with the constants. The inductive step combines [Mayer-Vietoris](/theorems/1533) for de Rham with Mayer–Vietoris for singular cohomology; naturality of $I$ produces a ladder of long exact sequences, and the [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) propagates isomorphism from pieces to unions. A countable colimit argument extends the result from manifolds with a finite good cover to all smooth manifolds. Naturality under smooth maps is built into the construction. *The proof uses the smooth Poincaré lemma, the good-cover theorem for Hausdorff second-countable manifolds, smooth Mayer–Vietoris via the smooth small-chains theorem, the smoothing comparison between smooth and ordinary singular cohomology, and the compact-exhaustion theorem as external standard inputs not yet entered as wiki theorems. The argument below spells out how these inputs are used; each should be added as a separate reference theorem (see Bott–Tu and Lee).* [/proofplan] [step:Define the de Rham cochain map and verify it commutes with $d$] Fix a smooth manifold $M$. For each $k\ge 0$, let $C^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ denote the real [vector space](/page/Vector%20Space) of singular cochains generated by **smooth** singular simplices, that is, smooth maps $\sigma:\Delta^k\to M$ from the standard simplex $\Delta^k = \{(t_0,\dots,t_k)\in\mathbb R^{k+1}_{\ge 0} : \sum t_i = 1\}$, viewed as a smooth manifold-with-corners. Let $C^\bullet_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ denote the resulting cochain complex with the usual simplicial coboundary $\delta$. Define \begin{align*} I_M^k:\Omega^k(M) &\to C^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R) \\ \omega &\mapsto \Bigl[\sigma\mapsto \int_{\Delta^k}\sigma^*\omega\Bigr]. \end{align*} The integral is the [Integration of Differential Forms](/theorems/1529) on the oriented manifold-with-corners $\Delta^k$, applied to the smooth pullback $\sigma^*\omega\in\Omega^k(\Delta^k)$. [claim:The integration map commutes with the exterior derivative] For every $k\ge 0$, the identity \begin{align*} \delta\circ I_M^k = I_M^{k+1}\circ d \end{align*} holds as maps $\Omega^k(M)\to C^{k+1}_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$. [/claim] [proof] Let $\omega\in\Omega^k(M)$ and let $\sigma:\Delta^{k+1}\to M$ be a smooth singular simplex. By definition of the simplicial coboundary, \begin{align*} (\delta I_M^k\omega)(\sigma) &= \sum_{j=0}^{k+1}(-1)^j \int_{\Delta^k}(\sigma\circ\partial_j)^*\omega = \sum_{j=0}^{k+1}(-1)^j\int_{\partial_j\Delta^{k+1}}\sigma^*\omega = \int_{\partial\Delta^{k+1}}\sigma^*\omega, \end{align*} where $\partial_j:\Delta^k\to\Delta^{k+1}$ is the $j$-th face inclusion, explicitly $\partial_j(t_0,\dots,t_k)=(t_0,\dots,t_{j-1},0,t_j,\dots,t_k)$, and the last equality is the definition of integration over the signed oriented boundary of the simplex. Applying [Stokes' Theorem](/theorems/1530) to the smooth form $\sigma^*\omega$ on $\Delta^{k+1}$, \begin{align*} \int_{\partial\Delta^{k+1}}\sigma^*\omega &= \int_{\Delta^{k+1}}d(\sigma^*\omega) = \int_{\Delta^{k+1}}\sigma^*(d\omega) = (I_M^{k+1}d\omega)(\sigma). \end{align*} We used that pullback commutes with $d$ ($d\circ\sigma^* = \sigma^*\circ d$ on $\Omega^k(M)$) and the definition of $I_M^{k+1}$. This proves the claim. [/proof] Therefore $I_M^\bullet:\Omega^\bullet(M)\to C^\bullet_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ is a cochain map, inducing $I_M^*:H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$. [guided] We must first say what the de Rham map *is* as a cochain map between concrete complexes, then check that it commutes with the differentials. The target $C^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ of *smooth* singular cochains is used rather than ordinary singular cochains $C^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$ because integration requires smooth pullbacks: the integrand $\sigma^*\omega$ makes sense as a differential $k$-form only when $\sigma$ is smooth. The identification of $H^\bullet_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ with $H^\bullet_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$ is a separate theorem (Step 6 below). For the cochain-map identity, given a smooth $(k+1)$-simplex $\sigma$ in $M$ and a $k$-form $\omega$, we evaluate $(\delta I_M^k \omega)(\sigma)$ by the simplicial coboundary formula: \begin{align*} (\delta I_M^k\omega)(\sigma) &= \sum_{j=0}^{k+1}(-1)^j (I_M^k\omega)(\sigma\circ\partial_j) = \sum_{j=0}^{k+1}(-1)^j \int_{\Delta^k}(\sigma\circ\partial_j)^*\omega. \end{align*} Here $\partial_j:\Delta^k\to\Delta^{k+1}$ is the face map $\partial_j(t_0,\dots,t_k)=(t_0,\dots,t_{j-1},0,t_j,\dots,t_k)$. The signed sum of face integrals is, by definition, the integral over the oriented boundary $\partial\Delta^{k+1}$ of $\sigma^*\omega$. Now [Stokes' Theorem](/theorems/1530) applies to the smooth form $\sigma^*\omega$ on the manifold-with-corners $\Delta^{k+1}$ — the hypotheses are that the form is smooth (true: $\sigma^*\omega$ is the pullback of a smooth form by a smooth map) and the domain is compact and oriented (true: $\Delta^{k+1}$ is). Stokes gives \begin{align*} \int_{\partial\Delta^{k+1}}\sigma^*\omega &= \int_{\Delta^{k+1}}d(\sigma^*\omega). \end{align*} The [exterior derivative](/theorems/1525) commutes with smooth pullback ($d\sigma^* = \sigma^* d$ — this is part of the definition of $d$ as a natural operator), so $d(\sigma^*\omega) = \sigma^*(d\omega)$, and the right-hand side is $(I_M^{k+1}d\omega)(\sigma)$. This is exactly the identity we wanted. The whole proof is essentially the assertion that **[Stokes' theorem](/theorems/1530) on simplices = the de Rham–singular cochain compatibility**. [/guided] [/step] [step:Verify naturality of $I$ under smooth maps] Let $f:N\to M$ be smooth. The smooth pullback $f^*:\Omega^k(M)\to\Omega^k(N)$ and the induced cochain map on smooth singular cochains $f^\#:C^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)\to C^k_\infty(N;\mathbb R)$, $(f^\# c)(\sigma) = c(f\circ\sigma)$ for a smooth simplex $\sigma:\Delta^k\to N$, satisfy \begin{align*} I_N^k\circ f^* &= f^\#\circ I_M^k. \end{align*} Indeed, for $\omega\in\Omega^k(M)$ and a smooth simplex $\sigma:\Delta^k\to N$, \begin{align*} (I_N^k f^*\omega)(\sigma) &= \int_{\Delta^k}\sigma^*(f^*\omega) = \int_{\Delta^k}(f\circ\sigma)^*\omega = (I_M^k\omega)(f\circ\sigma) = (f^\# I_M^k\omega)(\sigma), \end{align*} using functoriality of pullback $(f\circ\sigma)^* = \sigma^*\circ f^*$. Passing to cohomology gives $f^*\circ I_M^* = I_N^*\circ f^*$ as maps $H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_\infty(N;\mathbb R)$. This is the naturality statement. [/step] [step:Prove $I_M^*$ is an isomorphism when $M$ is a convex open subset of $\mathbb R^n$] Let $M = U\subseteq\mathbb R^n$ be a non-empty convex [open set](/page/Open%20Set). We compute both cohomologies. **de Rham side.** The smooth Poincaré lemma (external standard result asserting that on any star-shaped open in $\mathbb R^n$, the de Rham complex is exact in positive degrees with $H^0_{\mathrm{dR}} = \mathbb R$ via the constants; this reference should be added as a separate wiki theorem) gives \begin{align*} H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(U) &= \begin{cases}\mathbb R & k = 0\\ 0 & k\ge 1,\end{cases} \end{align*} with the $k=0$ identification by $[c]\mapsto c$ for the locally constant function $c\equiv c\in\mathbb R$. **Singular side.** Since $U$ is convex, it is contractible, so by homotopy invariance of singular cohomology (and of smooth singular cohomology — see Step 6), \begin{align*} H^k_\infty(U;\mathbb R) &= \begin{cases}\mathbb R & k=0\\ 0 & k\ge 1,\end{cases} \end{align*} with the $k=0$ identification given by evaluation on any point (equivalently any constant smooth $0$-simplex). **Comparison in degree $0$.** A $0$-form on $U$ is a smooth function $f\in C^\infty(U)$; a smooth $0$-simplex is a point $p\in U$; and $I_U^0(f)(p) = \int_{\Delta^0}p^*f = f(p)$. A closed $0$-form is a locally constant function, hence (since $U$ is connected) a constant $c$. Its image under $I_U^0$ is the cochain $p\mapsto c$, whose cohomology class corresponds to the constant $c\in\mathbb R$. So $I_U^0$ sends the generator $1$ of $H^0_{\mathrm{dR}}(U)\cong\mathbb R$ to the generator $1$ of $H^0_\infty(U;\mathbb R)\cong\mathbb R$, hence is an isomorphism. **Comparison in degree $k\ge 1$.** Both source and target are the zero [vector space](/page/Vector%20Space), so $I_U^*$ is the unique [linear map](/page/Linear%20Map) $0\to 0$ and hence an isomorphism. [guided] The Poincaré lemma is the key local input: it says that on a star-shaped open $U\subseteq\mathbb R^n$, every closed $k$-form ($k\ge 1$) is exact. The classical proof builds an explicit cochain homotopy via radial integration: define $K:\Omega^k(U)\to\Omega^{k-1}(U)$ by integrating along rays from a base point, and verify $dK + Kd = \mathrm{id}$ on $\Omega^k(U)$ for $k\ge 1$. This kills all positive-degree cohomology. In degree zero the kernel of $d$ is the locally constant functions, which on a connected open is just $\mathbb R$. The singular side has the same answer for a different reason: convex $\Rightarrow$ contractible, and singular cohomology is a homotopy invariant. A contractible space has the cohomology of a point, namely $\mathbb R$ in degree $0$ and $0$ above. The match between smooth singular and ordinary singular cohomology — needed because $I_M$ lands in smooth cochains — is a separate fact (Step 6) that asserts the inclusion $C^\bullet_\infty(M;\mathbb R)\hookrightarrow C^\bullet_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$ is a quasi-isomorphism for any smooth manifold. For the comparison in degree $0$: a closed $0$-form on the connected open $U$ is a constant function $f\equiv c$. The map $I_U^0$ sends this constant function $f$ to the cochain $\sigma\mapsto \int_{\Delta^0}\sigma^*f$. For a $0$-simplex $\sigma = p\in U$ (a point), $\sigma^*f$ is just the value $f(p) = c$, and $\int_{\Delta^0}$ of a constant is the constant. So $I_U^0(f)$ is the constant cochain $c$, which represents the generator of $H^0_\infty(U;\mathbb R)\cong\mathbb R$. The map of one-dimensional spaces sends $1\mapsto 1$, hence is an isomorphism. [/guided] [/step] [step:Establish a Mayer–Vietoris ladder relating $I_U$, $I_V$, $I_{U\cap V}$, $I_{U\cup V}$] Let $U,V\subseteq M$ be open with $W = U\cup V$. There is a Mayer–Vietoris short exact sequence of de Rham complexes ([Mayer-Vietoris](/theorems/1533) in the differential-form formulation): \begin{align*} 0\to\Omega^\bullet(W)\xrightarrow{(j_U^*,j_V^*)}\Omega^\bullet(U)\oplus\Omega^\bullet(V)\xrightarrow{i_U^*-i_V^*}\Omega^\bullet(U\cap V)\to 0, \end{align*} where $j_U:U\hookrightarrow W$, $j_V:V\hookrightarrow W$, $i_U:U\cap V\hookrightarrow U$, $i_V:U\cap V\hookrightarrow V$ are the inclusions. Surjectivity of the right map uses [Existence of Smooth Partitions of Unity](/theorems/57) subordinate to $\{U,V\}$. For the singular row, let $C^{\infty,\{U,V\}}_\bullet(W;\mathbb R)$ denote the smooth small-chain subcomplex of $C^\infty_\bullet(W;\mathbb R)$ generated by smooth simplices whose images lie entirely in $U$ or entirely in $V$. There is a short exact sequence of chain complexes \begin{align*} 0\to C^\infty_\bullet(U\cap V;\mathbb R)\to C^\infty_\bullet(U;\mathbb R)\oplus C^\infty_\bullet(V;\mathbb R)\to C^{\infty,\{U,V\}}_\bullet(W;\mathbb R)\to 0, \end{align*} where the first map sends a chain $a$ to $(a,-a)$ and the second sends $(b,c)$ to $b+c$ as a small chain in $W$. Dualizing over $\mathbb R$ gives the cochain short exact sequence \begin{align*} 0\to C^{\bullet}_{\infty,\{U,V\}}(W;\mathbb R)\to C^\bullet_\infty(U;\mathbb R)\oplus C^\bullet_\infty(V;\mathbb R)\to C^\bullet_\infty(U\cap V;\mathbb R)\to 0. \end{align*} It remains to identify the small-chain cohomology of $W$ with $H^\bullet_\infty(W;\mathbb R)$. Barycentric subdivision preserves smoothness: if $\sigma:\Delta^q\to W$ is smooth, then each subdivided simplex is $\sigma\circ a$ for an affine smooth map $a:\Delta^q\to\Delta^q$. The usual prism operator proving that barycentric subdivision is chain-homotopic to the identity is built from affine maps on simplices, so it also lies in the smooth chain complex. Since $\sigma(\Delta^q)$ is compact and $\{U,V\}$ covers it, sufficiently many barycentric subdivisions of $\sigma$ have image contained in $U$ or in $V$. Thus the inclusion $C^{\infty,\{U,V\}}_\bullet(W;\mathbb R)\hookrightarrow C^\infty_\bullet(W;\mathbb R)$ is a chain homotopy equivalence, and the corresponding restriction map on cochains is a quasi-isomorphism. Applying the [Long Exact Cohomology Sequence](/theorems/3471) to the de Rham short exact sequence and to the smooth small-cochain short exact sequence, and then identifying small cohomology with $H^\bullet_\infty(W;\mathbb R)$ by the quasi-isomorphism just described, the naturality from Step 2 gives a commuting ladder \begin{align*} \cdots\to H^{k-1}_{\mathrm{dR}}(U\cap V)\to H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(W)\to H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(U)\oplus H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(V)\to H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(U\cap V)\to H^{k+1}_{\mathrm{dR}}(W)\to\cdots \end{align*} mapping by $I^*$ in each entry to the corresponding smooth singular Mayer–Vietoris sequence. The connecting maps commute with $I^*$ by naturality of connecting morphisms for cochain maps of short exact sequences. [/step] [step:Induct on a finite good cover via the Five Lemma] A **good cover** of $M$ is an open cover $\{U_\alpha\}$ such that every non-empty finite intersection $U_{\alpha_1}\cap\cdots\cap U_{\alpha_p}$ is diffeomorphic to a convex open subset of $\mathbb R^n$ (where $n = \dim M$). The good-cover theorem for Hausdorff, second-countable smooth manifolds (external standard input, to be added as a separate wiki theorem) says that every smooth manifold admits a good cover; moreover, every compact subset of a smooth manifold has a neighbourhood covered by finitely many members of a good cover. In particular, compact smooth manifolds admit finite good covers. [claim:Finite good covers imply the de Rham comparison is an isomorphism] If $M$ admits a finite good cover, then $I_M^*$ is an isomorphism in every degree. [/claim] [proof] Induct on the size $p$ of the cover. The case $p = 1$ is Step 3. Suppose the claim holds for every smooth manifold admitting a good cover of size $\le p-1$, and let $\{U_1,\dots,U_p\}$ be a good cover of $M$. Set \begin{align*} U &= U_1\cup\cdots\cup U_{p-1}, & V = U_p, & & U\cap V = (U_1\cap U_p)\cup\cdots\cup(U_{p-1}\cap U_p). \end{align*} By the good-cover property, $\{U_1\cap U_p,\dots,U_{p-1}\cap U_p\}$ is a good cover of $U\cap V$ of size $p-1$ (because intersections in this sub-collection are intersections within the original good cover, hence still diffeomorphic to convex opens). Similarly $\{U_1,\dots,U_{p-1}\}$ is a good cover of $U$ of size $p-1$, and $V = U_p$ has a good cover of size $1$. By the inductive hypothesis, $I_U^*$, $I_V^*$, and $I_{U\cap V}^*$ are isomorphisms in every degree. The Mayer–Vietoris ladder of Step 4, applied to $(U,V)$ with $U\cup V = M$, gives a diagram of long exact sequences where four out of every five vertical arrows are isomorphisms. The [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) then forces the middle vertical arrow, $I_M^*:H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$, to be an isomorphism in every degree $k$. This completes the induction. [/proof] [guided] The inductive step is the heart of the global argument. We split a size-$p$ good cover into "the first $p-1$ pieces" and "the last piece", so $M = U\cup V$ where $U$ has a good cover of size $p-1$ and $V = U_p$ is itself a good chart. The non-obvious point is that $U\cap V$ also inherits a good cover of size $p-1$: namely, intersecting each $U_i$ ($i < p$) with $U_p$. The intersections $U_{i_1}\cap\cdots\cap U_{i_r}\cap U_p$ within this sub-cover are intersections of subcollections of the original good cover, hence diffeomorphic to convex opens by the good-cover hypothesis on $M$. So $U\cap V$ falls under the inductive hypothesis. Now the Mayer–Vietoris ladder (Step 4) gives a commutative diagram \begin{align*} \begin{array}{ccccccccc} H^{k-1}_{\mathrm{dR}}(U\cap V) & \to & H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M) & \to & H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(U)\oplus H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(V) & \to & H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(U\cap V) & \to & H^{k+1}_{\mathrm{dR}}(M) \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow & & \downarrow & & \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ H^{k-1}_\infty(U\cap V) & \to & H^k_\infty(M) & \to & H^k_\infty(U)\oplus H^k_\infty(V) & \to & H^k_\infty(U\cap V) & \to & H^{k+1}_\infty(M) \end{array} \end{align*} The four outer vertical arrows are isomorphisms by induction (each evaluates $I^*$ on a manifold with a good cover of size $\le p-1$). The [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) — whose hypotheses are exactness of both rows and isomorphism on the four outer columns — concludes that the middle vertical $I_M^*$ is also an isomorphism. The exactness hypothesis is satisfied because both rows are Mayer–Vietoris long exact sequences. This induction is finite: it terminates in $p$ steps. The base case $p=1$ is the contractible case, where the Poincaré lemma takes over. [/guided] [/step] [step:Extend to arbitrary smooth manifolds by splitting an exhaustion into two open families] Assume $M$ is Hausdorff and second-countable. Then $M$ is paracompact and $\sigma$-compact, and the compact-exhaustion theorem for smooth manifolds gives compact codimension-zero submanifolds with boundary \begin{align*} K_1\subseteq \operatorname{int}K_2\subseteq K_2\subseteq \operatorname{int}K_3\subseteq\cdots, \qquad \bigcup_{m=1}^\infty \operatorname{int}K_m=M. \end{align*} Set $K_{-1}=K_0=\varnothing$. For each $m\ge 1$, define the open layer \begin{align*} A_m:=\operatorname{int}K_{m+1}\setminus K_{m-1}\subseteq M, \end{align*} and define the adjacent overlap \begin{align*} B_m:=A_m\cap A_{m+1}=\operatorname{int}K_{m+1}\setminus K_m. \end{align*} The sets $A_m$ cover $M$, the sets $A_m$ and $A_j$ are disjoint when $|m-j|\ge 2$, and the sets $B_m$ are pairwise disjoint. Each $A_m$ and each $B_m$ is contained in a compact smooth region and has a finite good cover by the compact form of the good-cover theorem. Hence Step 5 applies to every $A_m$ and every $B_m$. Define \begin{align*} O:=\bigcup_{m\text{ odd}}A_m, \qquad E:=\bigcup_{m\text{ even}}A_m. \end{align*} Because same-parity layers are disjoint, \begin{align*} O=\bigsqcup_{m\text{ odd}}A_m, \qquad E=\bigsqcup_{m\text{ even}}A_m, \qquad O\cap E=\bigsqcup_{m=1}^\infty B_m. \end{align*} For a disjoint union $X=\bigsqcup_{r\in R}X_r$ of smooth manifolds, restriction to components gives product decompositions of complexes \begin{align*} \Omega^\bullet(X)&\cong\prod_{r\in R}\Omega^\bullet(X_r), & C^\bullet_\infty(X;\mathbb R)&\cong\prod_{r\in R}C^\bullet_\infty(X_r;\mathbb R). \end{align*} The second decomposition uses that $\Delta^q$ is connected, so every smooth simplex $\Delta^q\to X$ lands in a single component. Products of real vector spaces are exact, so cohomology of these product complexes is the product of the component cohomologies. Since $I_X^*$ is the product of the maps $I_{X_r}^*$, Step 5 implies that $I_O^*$, $I_E^*$, and $I_{O\cap E}^*$ are isomorphisms in every degree. Apply the Mayer–Vietoris ladder of Step 4 to the open cover $M=O\cup E$. The four outer vertical maps in the [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) diagram are isomorphisms because they are the comparison maps for $O$, $E$, and $O\cap E$. Therefore the [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) implies that $I_M^*:H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ is an isomorphism for every $k\ge 0$. [guided] The point of this step is to avoid an inverse-limit argument. Instead of trying to prove that cohomology commutes with an exhaustion, we cut the exhaustion into alternating layers and use Mayer–Vietoris once. Because $M$ is Hausdorff and second-countable, it is paracompact and admits smooth partitions of unity. The compact-exhaustion theorem then supplies compact codimension-zero submanifolds with boundary $K_m$ satisfying \begin{align*} K_m\subseteq \operatorname{int}K_{m+1}, \qquad \bigcup_{m=1}^\infty \operatorname{int}K_m=M. \end{align*} Define $K_{-1}=K_0=\varnothing$ and define \begin{align*} A_m:=\operatorname{int}K_{m+1}\setminus K_{m-1}. \end{align*} These $A_m$ are open and cover $M$: if $x\in M$, then $x\in\operatorname{int}K_{m+1}$ for some $m$, and then $x\in A_j$ for a suitable nearby layer index $j$. The nesting $K_{m-1}\subseteq K_{m+1}$ also shows that $A_m\cap A_j=\varnothing$ whenever $|m-j|\ge 2$. The only intersections that can remain are adjacent ones. For adjacent layers we compute directly: \begin{align*} A_m\cap A_{m+1} &= (\operatorname{int}K_{m+1}\setminus K_{m-1})\cap(\operatorname{int}K_{m+2}\setminus K_m) \\ &= \operatorname{int}K_{m+1}\setminus K_m \\ &=:B_m. \end{align*} The sets $B_m$ are pairwise disjoint because $B_m\subseteq K_{m+1}\setminus K_m$ and $B_{m+1}\subseteq K_{m+2}\setminus K_{m+1}$. Each layer $A_m$ and overlap $B_m$ lies in a compact smooth region, so the compact good-cover theorem gives a finite good cover. Step 5 therefore proves the de Rham comparison for every $A_m$ and every $B_m$. Now split the layers by parity: \begin{align*} O:=\bigcup_{m\text{ odd}}A_m, \qquad E:=\bigcup_{m\text{ even}}A_m. \end{align*} Same-parity layers are disjoint, so \begin{align*} O=\bigsqcup_{m\text{ odd}}A_m, \qquad E=\bigsqcup_{m\text{ even}}A_m, \qquad O\cap E=\bigsqcup_{m=1}^\infty B_m. \end{align*} For a disjoint union $X=\bigsqcup_{r\in R}X_r$, a differential form on $X$ is exactly a choice of a differential form on each component, giving $\Omega^\bullet(X)\cong\prod_r\Omega^\bullet(X_r)$. A smooth singular simplex $\sigma:\Delta^q\to X$ has connected domain, so its image lies in one component; hence smooth cochains also decompose as $C^\bullet_\infty(X;\mathbb R)\cong\prod_r C^\bullet_\infty(X_r;\mathbb R)$. Products of real vector spaces are exact, so the cohomology of the product complex is the product of the component cohomologies. The comparison map $I_X^*$ is componentwise the product of the maps $I_{X_r}^*$. Since each component $A_m$ and $B_m$ is already handled by Step 5, $I_O^*$, $I_E^*$, and $I_{O\cap E}^*$ are isomorphisms. Applying the Mayer–Vietoris ladder to $M=O\cup E$ gives a commutative diagram of long exact sequences. The outer vertical arrows are isomorphisms, so the [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) gives that the middle vertical arrow $I_M^*$ is an isomorphism in every degree. [/guided] [/step] [step:Identify smooth singular cohomology with ordinary singular cohomology] To complete the proof we must identify $H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)$ with $H^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$. Let \begin{align*} \iota_\bullet:C^\infty_\bullet(M;\mathbb R)&\to C^{\mathrm{sing}}_\bullet(M;\mathbb R) \end{align*} denote the inclusion of the smooth singular chain complex into the ordinary singular chain complex. Its algebraic dual is the restriction morphism of cochain complexes \begin{align*} \iota^\#:C^\bullet_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)&\to C^\bullet_\infty(M;\mathbb R), \end{align*} which sends an ordinary singular cochain to its restriction to smooth simplices. The smoothing theorem for singular chains says that $\iota_\bullet$ is a chain homotopy equivalence. More explicitly, the Whitney approximation theorem relative to the faces of $\Delta^q$ gives, after subdivision if necessary, a smooth approximation of every continuous simplex $\sigma:\Delta^q\to M$ that agrees with already prescribed smooth face data. The prism construction for the homotopy between $\sigma$ and its smooth approximation gives a singular chain homotopy, and the relative face condition makes these choices compatible with the boundary operator. Applying the same construction to smooth simplices gives chain homotopies \begin{align*} \iota_\bullet S_\bullet &\simeq \operatorname{id}_{C^{\mathrm{sing}}_\bullet(M;\mathbb R)}, & S_\bullet\iota_\bullet &\simeq \operatorname{id}_{C^\infty_\bullet(M;\mathbb R)} \end{align*} for a smoothing chain map $S_\bullet:C^{\mathrm{sing}}_\bullet(M;\mathbb R)\to C^\infty_\bullet(M;\mathbb R)$. Therefore $\iota^\#$ is a quasi-isomorphism, and it induces an isomorphism \begin{align*} \iota^*:H^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)\xrightarrow{\cong}H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R). \end{align*} This is the standard smooth-versus-ordinary singular cohomology comparison theorem (external input; see Lee, Theorem 18.7). Naturality under smooth maps follows at the chain level from composition: if $f:N\to M$ is smooth and $\sigma:\Delta^q\to N$ is a smooth simplex, then $f\circ\sigma:\Delta^q\to M$ is smooth. Hence restriction of cochains to smooth simplices commutes with pullback by $f$, and the induced map $\iota^*$ is natural on cohomology. Combining this comparison with Step 6 gives \begin{align*} I_M^*:H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\xrightarrow{\ \cong\ }H^k_\infty(M;\mathbb R)\xleftarrow[\ \cong\ ]{\iota^*}H^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R), \end{align*} so the composite $(\iota^*)^{-1}\circ I_M^*$ is the desired isomorphism $H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$. [/step] [step:Conclude the de Rham isomorphism and its naturality] Combining Steps 1–7: the cochain map $I_M$ is well-defined and natural (Steps 1–2); $I_M^*$ is an isomorphism on each convex open in $\mathbb R^n$ (Step 3); Mayer–Vietoris and the [Five Lemma](/theorems/1938) propagate this isomorphism to any manifold with a finite good cover (Steps 4–5); the odd-even exhaustion argument extends the result to arbitrary Hausdorff, second-countable smooth manifolds (Step 6); and the comparison between smooth and ordinary singular cohomology identifies the codomain (Step 7). Naturality of the resulting isomorphism under smooth $f:N\to M$ follows from the cochain identity $I_N^k\circ f^*=f^\#\circ I_M^k$ and from the naturality of the smoothing comparison $\iota^*$. Therefore $I_M^*:H^k_{\mathrm{dR}}(M)\to H^k_{\mathrm{sing}}(M;\mathbb R)$ is a natural isomorphism for every Hausdorff, second-countable smooth manifold $M$ and every $k\ge 0$. $\blacksquare$ [/step]