Martingale Definition Conditional Expectation Definition Expectation Definition Unbiasedness of the Holdout Risk Estimator Probability & Statistics Law of Total Probability Probability Theory Gaussian Integral Probability Theory Computational Formula for Variance Probability Theory Cook's Distance Formula for Internally Studentized Residuals Probability & Statistics Strong Markov Property of Brownian Motion Brownian Motion Basic Properties of Conditional Expectation Conditional Expectation Population Reliability Diagram Identity Probability & Statistics Probability & Statistics Area Probability Theory Subarea