[proofplan] We use the [orthogonal projection](/theorems/437) decomposition defining $P_M$: every $x\in H$ splits as $x=P_Mx+(x-P_Mx)$ with $P_Mx\in M$ and $x-P_Mx\in M^\perp$, where $M^\perp$ is the orthogonal complement of $M$. The Pythagorean identity for orthogonal vectors gives $\|P_Mx\|_H\leq \|x\|_H$, so the operator norm is at most $1$. If $M$ contains a nonzero vector, $P_M$ fixes that vector, giving the reverse inequality. If $M=\{0\}$, the range of $P_M$ is contained in $\{0\}$, so $P_M$ is the zero operator. [/proofplan] [step:Prove that the orthogonal projection is contractive] Let $x\in H$. By the defining property of the orthogonal projection onto $M$, we have $P_Mx\in M$ and $x-P_Mx\in M^\perp$, where $M^\perp$ denotes the orthogonal complement of $M$. Hence $(P_Mx,x-P_Mx)_H=0$. Using the [Hilbert space](/page/Hilbert%20Space) norm induced by the [inner product](/page/Inner%20Product) and applying the Pythagorean identity for orthogonal vectors to the orthogonal pair $P_Mx$ and $x-P_Mx$, \begin{align*}\|x\|_H^2=\|P_Mx+(x-P_Mx)\|_H^2.\end{align*} Since the two summands are orthogonal, \begin{align*}\|x\|_H^2=\|P_Mx\|_H^2+\|x-P_Mx\|_H^2.\end{align*} Because $\|x-P_Mx\|_H^2\geq 0$, it follows that \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H^2\leq \|x\|_H^2.\end{align*} Taking square roots gives \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H\leq \|x\|_H.\end{align*} [guided] The key point is that $P_Mx$ and the error $x-P_Mx$ are perpendicular. Let $x\in H$. By definition of the orthogonal projection onto the closed subspace $M$, the vector $P_Mx$ lies in $M$, while the residual vector $x-P_Mx$ lies in $M^\perp$, where $M^\perp$ is the orthogonal complement of $M$. Therefore \begin{align*}(P_Mx,x-P_Mx)_H=0.\end{align*} We now expand the Hilbert norm of $x$ using the decomposition \begin{align*}x=P_Mx+(x-P_Mx).\end{align*} The norm on $H$ is induced by the inner product, so orthogonal vectors satisfy the Pythagorean identity for orthogonal vectors. Applying this identity to the orthogonal pair $P_Mx$ and $x-P_Mx$ gives \begin{align*}\|x\|_H^2=\|P_Mx\|_H^2+\|x-P_Mx\|_H^2.\end{align*} The second term on the right is a squared norm, hence it is nonnegative: \begin{align*}\|x-P_Mx\|_H^2\geq 0.\end{align*} Consequently, \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H^2\leq \|x\|_H^2.\end{align*} Both sides are nonnegative [real numbers](/page/Real%20Numbers), so taking square roots preserves the inequality: \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H\leq \|x\|_H.\end{align*} This proves that projecting orthogonally cannot increase the norm. [/guided] [/step] [step:Convert contractivity into the upper operator norm bound] By the definition of the operator norm on $\mathcal{L}(H)$, \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}=\sup\left\{\|P_Mx\|_H:x\in H,\ \|x\|_H\leq 1\right\}.\end{align*} For every $x\in H$ with $\|x\|_H\leq 1$, the contractive estimate from the previous step gives \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H\leq \|x\|_H\leq 1.\end{align*} Taking the supremum over all $x\in H$ with $\|x\|_H\leq 1$ yields \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}\leq 1.\end{align*} [/step] [step:Use a nonzero vector in $M$ to obtain the lower bound] Assume $M\ne\{0\}$. Choose $m\in M$ with $m\ne 0$. Since $P_M$ is the projection onto $M$, it fixes every vector of $M$, so \begin{align*}P_Mm=m.\end{align*} Therefore \begin{align*}\frac{\|P_Mm\|_H}{\|m\|_H}=\frac{\|m\|_H}{\|m\|_H}=1.\end{align*} By the definition of the supremum in the operator norm, \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}\geq 1.\end{align*} Combining this with the upper bound $\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}\leq 1$ gives \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}=1.\end{align*} [/step] [step:Identify the zero subspace case] Assume $M=\{0\}$. For every $x\in H$, the defining property of $P_M$ gives $P_Mx\in M$, hence \begin{align*}P_Mx=0.\end{align*} Thus $P_M=0$ as an operator $H\to H$. By the definition of the operator norm, \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}=\sup\left\{\|P_Mx\|_H:x\in H,\ \|x\|_H\leq 1\right\}.\end{align*} For every $x\in H$ with $\|x\|_H\leq 1$, we have $P_Mx=0$, so \begin{align*}\|P_Mx\|_H=0.\end{align*} Therefore the supremum in the unit-ball formula is $0$, and hence \begin{align*}\|P_M\|_{\mathcal{L}(H)}=0.\end{align*} This proves both cases of the theorem. [/step]