Let $G$ be a group acting on a set $X$ by the action map \begin{align*} G \times X &\to X \\ (g, x) &\mapsto g \cdot x. \end{align*} For each $x \in X$, let \begin{align*} G_x := \{h \in G : h \cdot x = x\} \end{align*} denote the stabilizer of $x$. Then, for every $g \in G$ and every $x \in X$, \begin{align*} G_{g \cdot x} = gG_xg^{-1}. \end{align*}

Let $G$ be a Lie group acting smoothly and transitively on a smooth manifold $M$, and let $p \in M$. Suppose $G_p$ is a closed Lie subgroup and $G/G_p$ is equipped with its quotient smooth manifold structure. Then the map \begin{align*} G/G_p &\to M \\ gG_p &\mapsto g \cdot p \end{align*} is a $G$-equivariant diffeomorphism.

Let $G$ be a group with identity element $e$, let $X$ be a set, and let \begin{align*} \alpha: G \times X &\to X \\ (g, x) &\mapsto g \cdot x \end{align*} be a left action of $G$ on $X$. Let $\operatorname{Sym}(X)$ denote the group of bijections $X \to X$ under composition. Then the map \begin{align*} \rho: G &\to \operatorname{Sym}(X) \\ g &\mapsto \rho(g) \end{align*} defined by \begin{align*} \rho(g): X &\to X \\ x &\mapsto g \cdot x \end{align*} is a [group homomorphism](/page/Group%20Homomorphism). Moreover, \begin{align*} \ker \rho = \{g \in G : g \cdot x = x \text{ for every } x \in X\}, \end{align*} so the action is faithful if and only if $\rho$ is injective.

Let $G$ be a group acting on a set $X$ by a map \begin{align*} G \times X &\to X \\ (g, x) &\mapsto g \cdot x. \end{align*} For each $x \in X$, define the orbit of $x$ by \begin{align*} G \cdot x := \{g \cdot x : g \in G\}. \end{align*} Then the collection of orbits \begin{align*} X/G := \{G \cdot x : x \in X\} \end{align*} is a partition of $X$: every element of $X$ lies in at least one orbit, and any two orbits are either equal or disjoint.

Let $G$ be a group with identity element $e$, let $X$ be a set, and let \begin{align*} \alpha: G \times X &\to X \\ (g, y) &\mapsto g \cdot y \end{align*} be a left [group action](/page/Group%20Action) of $G$ on $X$. For each $x \in X$, the stabiliser \begin{align*} G_x := \{g \in G : g \cdot x = x\} \end{align*} is a subgroup of $G$.

Let $(X,\tau_X)$ and $(Y,\tau_Y)$ be topological spaces, let $f: X \to Y$ be continuous, and let $C \subset X$ be a connected component of $X$. Then there exists a connected component $D \subset Y$ such that $f(C) \subset D$.

Let $X$ be a continuum, meaning a nonempty compact connected Hausdorff [topological space](/page/Topological%20Space), and let $f: X \to \mathbb{R}$ be continuous, where $\mathbb{R}$ has its usual topology. Then there exist [real numbers](/page/Real%20Numbers) $a,b \in \mathbb{R}$ with $a \leq b$ such that \begin{align*} f(X) = [a,b]. \end{align*}

Let $(X,\tau)$ be a [topological space](/page/Topological%20Space). Then $(X,\tau)$ is connected if and only if every subset $A \subset X$ that is both open and closed in $(X,\tau)$ satisfies $A = \varnothing$ or $A = X$.

Let $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ be a probability space, let $n \in \mathbb{N}$, and let $A_1,\dots,A_n \in \mathcal{F}$. For each $1 \le k \le n$, define the event \begin{align*} B_k := \bigcap_{j=1}^{k} A_j. \end{align*} Assume that $\mathbb{P}(B_k) > 0$ for every $1 \le k \le n-1$. Then \begin{align*} \mathbb{P}(B_n) = \mathbb{P}(A_1)\prod_{k=2}^{n} \mathbb{P}(A_k \mid B_{k-1}). \end{align*} Equivalently, \begin{align*} \mathbb P(A_1 \cap \cdots \cap A_n) &= \mathbb P(A_1)\mathbb P(A_2 \mid A_1)\mathbb P(A_3 \mid A_1 \cap A_2) \cdots \\ &\quad \cdot \mathbb P(A_n \mid A_1 \cap \cdots \cap A_{n-1}). \end{align*} For $n=1$, the product over $2 \le k \le n$ is interpreted as the empty product, equal to $1$.

Let $(\Omega, \mathcal F, \mathbb P)$ be a probability space, and let $A, B \in \mathcal F$. If $\mathbb P(B) > 0$, then \begin{align*} \mathbb P(A \cap B) = \mathbb P(A \mid B)\mathbb P(B). \end{align*} If $\mathbb P(A) > 0$, then \begin{align*} \mathbb P(A \cap B) = \mathbb P(B \mid A)\mathbb P(A). \end{align*}