[guided]We start from the identity already obtained from the connection Leibniz rule:
\begin{align*}
\nabla(fs) = df \otimes s + f\nabla s.
\end{align*}
To isolate the $(1,0)$ part, we use the projection
\begin{align*}
\pi^{1,0}: A^1(X;E) \to A^{1,0}(X;E).
\end{align*}
By definition of the type component of the connection,
\begin{align*}
\nabla^{1,0}(fs) = \pi^{1,0}(\nabla(fs)).
\end{align*}
Substituting the connection Leibniz rule gives
\begin{align*}
\nabla^{1,0}(fs) = \pi^{1,0}(df \otimes s + f\nabla s).
\end{align*}
Now we separate the two summands. The differential of a smooth complex-valued function on a complex manifold decomposes by type as
\begin{align*}
df = \partial f + \bar\partial f,
\end{align*}
with $\partial f$ of type $(1,0)$ and $\bar\partial f$ of type $(0,1)$. Tensoring with $s$ preserves the form type, so $\partial f \otimes s$ is the $(1,0)$ part of $df \otimes s$, while $\bar\partial f \otimes s$ is the $(0,1)$ part. Hence
\begin{align*}
\pi^{1,0}(df \otimes s) = \partial f \otimes s.
\end{align*}
For the second summand, the important point is that projection to type acts only on the form component and is linear over smooth complex-valued functions. Therefore multiplying the $E$-valued one-form $\nabla s$ by the scalar function $f$ commutes with projection:
\begin{align*}
\pi^{1,0}(f\nabla s) = f\pi^{1,0}(\nabla s).
\end{align*}
By the definition $\nabla^{1,0} = \pi^{1,0}\circ\nabla$, this becomes
\begin{align*}
\pi^{1,0}(f\nabla s) = f\nabla^{1,0}s.
\end{align*}
Putting the projected first summand and projected second summand together gives
\begin{align*}
\nabla^{1,0}(fs) = \partial f \otimes s + f\nabla^{1,0}s.
\end{align*}[/guided]