Oka's Coherence Theorem (Theorem # 3468)
Theorem
The structure sheaf $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^n}$ is coherent as an $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^n}$-module. That is, for any open set $U \subset \mathbb{C}^n$, any $r \geq 1$, and any $\mathcal{O}_U$-module morphism $\phi: \mathcal{O}_U^r \to \mathcal{O}_U$, the kernel sheaf $\ker \phi$ is locally finitely generated.
Analysis
Complex Analysis
Discussion
No discussion available for this theorem.
Proof
[proofplan]
We prove the local syzygy statement by induction on the number $n$ of complex variables. Near a point, the morphism $\phi$ is represented by a row of holomorphic functions; if one coefficient is nonzero, a linear change of coordinates and the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem make that coefficient a monic polynomial $h$ in the last variable. Weierstrass division then decomposes every syzygy into elementary syzygies involving $h$ and a finite-dimensional remainder problem over the base variables $z' \in \mathbb{C}^{n-1}$. The induction hypothesis makes that lower-dimensional remainder kernel locally finitely generated, and the lifted generators generate the original kernel.
[/proofplan]
[step:Reduce the theorem to local syzygies of a row of holomorphic functions]
For $m \geq 0$, let $\mathsf{Coh}(m)$ denote the following assertion: for every open set $X \subset \mathbb{C}^m$, every integer $r \geq 1$, and every $\mathcal{O}_X$-module morphism $\psi: \mathcal{O}_X^r \to \mathcal{O}_X$, the sheaf $\ker \psi$ is locally finitely generated.
Let $U \subset \mathbb{C}^n$ be open, let $r \geq 1$, and let $\phi: \mathcal{O}_U^r \to \mathcal{O}_U$ be an $\mathcal{O}_U$-module morphism. For $1 \leq i \leq r$, let $e_i \in \mathcal{O}_U^r(U)$ denote the $i$-th standard basis section and define the holomorphic coefficient
\begin{align*}
f_i: U &\to \mathbb{C} \\
x &\mapsto \phi(e_i)(x).
\end{align*}
For every open set $V \subset U$ and every section $G=(G_1,\ldots,G_r) \in \mathcal{O}_U^r(V)$, $\mathcal{O}_U$-linearity gives
\begin{align*}
G \in \ker \phi(V)
\quad \Longleftrightarrow \quad
\sum_{i=1}^r f_i|_V G_i = 0 \text{ in } \mathcal{O}_U(V).
\end{align*}
Thus $\ker \phi$ is the sheaf of syzygies among the row $(f_1,\ldots,f_r)$.
Fix a point $p \in U$. If $f_{i,p}=0$ in the stalk $\mathcal{O}_{U,p}$ for every $i$, then for each $i$ there is a neighbourhood $V_i$ of $p$ on which $f_i=0$. On $V=\bigcap_{i=1}^r V_i$, the morphism $\phi|_V$ is the zero morphism, so $\ker \phi|_V=\mathcal{O}_V^r$, generated by $e_1,\ldots,e_r$. Hence only the case where at least one coefficient germ is nonzero needs proof.
[/step]
[step:Extend the induction hypothesis to finite free targets]
[claim:Kernels with finite free targets follow from kernels with rank one target]
Assume $\mathsf{Coh}(m)$. Let $X \subset \mathbb{C}^m$ be open, let $N \geq 1$, let $s \geq 1$, and let $\Psi: \mathcal{O}_X^N \to \mathcal{O}_X^s$ be an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module morphism. Then $\ker \Psi$ is locally finitely generated.
[/claim]
[proof]
We prove the claim by induction on $s$. The case $s=1$ is exactly $\mathsf{Coh}(m)$.
Assume the statement known for target rank $s-1$, where $s \geq 2$. Write
\begin{align*}
\Psi=(\Psi_1,\Psi_2): \mathcal{O}_X^N \to \mathcal{O}_X \oplus \mathcal{O}_X^{s-1},
\end{align*}
where $\Psi_1$ is the first component and $\Psi_2$ is the remaining $(s-1)$-tuple of components. Fix $x \in X$. By $\mathsf{Coh}(m)$ applied to $\Psi_1$, there is a neighbourhood $V \subset X$ of $x$ and sections $\sigma_1,\ldots,\sigma_M \in \mathcal{O}_X^N(V)$ generating $\ker \Psi_1|_V$; if $M=0$, then $\ker \Psi_1|_V=0$ and therefore $\ker \Psi|_V=0$.
Assume $M \geq 1$. Define the morphism
\begin{align*}
B: \mathcal{O}_V^M &\to \mathcal{O}_V^{s-1} \\
(c_1,\ldots,c_M) &\mapsto \Psi_2\left(\sum_{j=1}^M c_j \sigma_j\right).
\end{align*}
By the induction hypothesis on the target rank, after shrinking $V$ to a neighbourhood $V_0$ of $x$, the sheaf $\ker B$ is generated by finitely many sections $\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_L \in \mathcal{O}_V^M(V_0)$. For each $1 \leq \ell \leq L$, define
\begin{align*}
\eta_\ell := \sum_{j=1}^M (\tau_\ell)_j \sigma_j \in \mathcal{O}_X^N(V_0).
\end{align*}
If $G \in \ker \Psi(V')$ for an open set $V' \subset V_0$, then $G \in \ker \Psi_1(V')$, so $G=\sum_{j=1}^M c_j\sigma_j$ for some $c_j \in \mathcal{O}_V(V')$. The condition $\Psi_2(G)=0$ says $(c_1,\ldots,c_M)\in \ker B(V')$, hence $(c_1,\ldots,c_M)$ is an $\mathcal{O}_V(V')$-linear combination of the $\tau_\ell$. Therefore $G$ is an $\mathcal{O}_V(V')$-linear combination of the $\eta_\ell$. Thus $\ker \Psi$ is locally finitely generated.
[/proof]
[/step]
[step:Start the induction in zero variables]
We prove $\mathsf{Coh}(n)$ by induction on $n$. For $n=0$, the space $\mathbb{C}^0$ is a point. On the one-point space, $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^0}$ is the constant sheaf with value $\mathbb{C}$. Any morphism $\psi:\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^0}^r \to \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^0}$ is a linear map $\mathbb{C}^r \to \mathbb{C}$, and its kernel is a finite-dimensional $\mathbb{C}$-vector space. Choosing a finite $\mathbb{C}$-basis of that kernel gives finitely many global generators. Hence $\mathsf{Coh}(0)$ holds.
[/step]
[step:Prepare one nonzero coefficient as a monic polynomial in the last variable]
Assume $n \geq 1$ and assume $\mathsf{Coh}(n-1)$. Fix $p \in U$ and suppose at least one coefficient germ is nonzero. Reindex so that $f_{r,p}\neq 0$ in $\mathcal{O}_{U,p}$.
If $f_r(p)\neq 0$, shrink to a neighbourhood $V$ of $p$ on which $f_r$ has no zeros. Then $f_r|_V$ is a unit in $\mathcal{O}_V(V)$, and $\ker \phi|_V$ is generated by the $r-1$ sections
\begin{align*}
e_i - \frac{f_i}{f_r}e_r,
\qquad 1 \leq i \leq r-1.
\end{align*}
Thus assume $f_r(p)=0$.
Local finite generation is invariant under biholomorphic changes of coordinates because pullback by a biholomorphism identifies the structure sheaves and carries kernels to kernels. Translate $p$ to $0$. Let $d \geq 1$ be the order of vanishing of the germ $f_{r,0}$. Choose a complex linear coordinate system $z=(z',z_n)\in \mathbb{C}^{n-1}\times \mathbb{C}$ such that the restriction $z_n \mapsto f_r(0',z_n)$ has a zero of order $d$ at $0$. By the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem, after shrinking to a product neighbourhood $P=P'\times D \subset U$ of $0$, there are holomorphic maps
\begin{align*}
u: P &\to \mathbb{C}^{\times}
\end{align*}
and
\begin{align*}
h: P &\to \mathbb{C} \\
(z',z_n) &\mapsto z_n^d+\sum_{k=0}^{d-1} a_k(z')z_n^k,
\end{align*}
where $\mathbb{C}^{\times}=\mathbb{C}\setminus\{0\}$ and each $a_k:P'\to\mathbb{C}$ is holomorphic with $a_k(0')=0$, such that
\begin{align*}
f_r|_P = u h.
\end{align*}
Multiplication of the target $\mathcal{O}_P$ by the unit $u^{-1}$ is an automorphism, so it does not change the kernel. Define
\begin{align*}
F_i: P &\to \mathbb{C} \\
z &\mapsto u(z)^{-1} f_i(z),
\qquad 1 \leq i \leq r-1.
\end{align*}
It is enough to prove local finite generation of the kernel of
\begin{align*}
\psi: \mathcal{O}_P^r &\to \mathcal{O}_P \\
(G_1,\ldots,G_r) &\mapsto \sum_{i=1}^{r-1} F_iG_i+hG_r.
\end{align*}
[guided]
Assume $n \geq 1$ and assume the theorem has already been proved in $n-1$ variables. We fix a point $p \in U$ and look only near $p$, because local finite generation is a local property.
After the reduction in the first step, at least one coefficient germ is nonzero. Reindex the basis of $\mathcal{O}_U^r$ so that this nonzero germ is $f_{r,p}$. There are two cases. If $f_r(p)\neq 0$, then $f_r$ is nonvanishing on some neighbourhood $V$ of $p$, so $f_r|_V$ is a unit. In that case the equation
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^r f_iG_i=0
\end{align*}
can be solved for the last component:
\begin{align*}
G_r=-\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\frac{f_i}{f_r}G_i.
\end{align*}
Therefore $\ker \phi|_V$ is generated by
\begin{align*}
e_i-\frac{f_i}{f_r}e_r,
\qquad 1\leq i\leq r-1.
\end{align*}
The only remaining case is $f_r(p)=0$ but $f_{r,p}$ is not the zero germ. Translate $p$ to the origin. Pullback by a biholomorphic coordinate change identifies the sheaves of holomorphic functions and preserves finite generation of kernels, so we may choose convenient linear coordinates. Let $d\geq 1$ be the order of vanishing of $f_{r,0}$. Choosing a direction on which the first nonzero homogeneous Taylor term of $f_r$ does not vanish gives coordinates $z=(z',z_n)\in\mathbb{C}^{n-1}\times\mathbb{C}$ such that $z_n\mapsto f_r(0',z_n)$ has a zero of order $d$ at $0$.
Now the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem applies to $f_r$ in the variable $z_n$. After shrinking to a product neighbourhood $P=P'\times D$, it gives a unit
\begin{align*}
u:P&\to\mathbb{C}^{\times}
\end{align*}
and a monic polynomial in $z_n$
\begin{align*}
h:P&\to\mathbb{C}\\
(z',z_n)&\mapsto z_n^d+\sum_{k=0}^{d-1}a_k(z')z_n^k,
\end{align*}
where each coefficient $a_k:P'\to\mathbb{C}$ is holomorphic and satisfies $a_k(0')=0$, such that
\begin{align*}
f_r|_P=uh.
\end{align*}
Multiplying the target by the unit $u^{-1}$ is an isomorphism of $\mathcal{O}_P$-modules, so it preserves the kernel. Thus we replace the original row by
\begin{align*}
(F_1,\ldots,F_{r-1},h),
\qquad
F_i=u^{-1}f_i|_P,
\end{align*}
and prove local finite generation for the morphism
\begin{align*}
\psi:\mathcal{O}_P^r&\to\mathcal{O}_P\\
(G_1,\ldots,G_r)&\mapsto \sum_{i=1}^{r-1}F_iG_i+hG_r.
\end{align*}
The point of this preparation is that division by $h$ has finite remainders of degree $<d$ in the last variable, so the unresolved part of the syzygy problem lives over $P'\subset\mathbb{C}^{n-1}$.
[/guided]
[/step]
[step:Reduce the remaining coefficients modulo the prepared polynomial]
For each $1 \leq i \leq r-1$, the Weierstrass Division Theorem applied to $F_i$ and the Weierstrass polynomial $h$ gives unique holomorphic maps
\begin{align*}
Q_i:P&\to\mathbb{C}
\end{align*}
and
\begin{align*}
\rho_i:P&\to\mathbb{C}\\
(z',z_n)&\mapsto \sum_{k=0}^{d-1} b_{i,k}(z')z_n^k,
\end{align*}
where each $b_{i,k}:P'\to\mathbb{C}$ is holomorphic, such that
\begin{align*}
F_i=Q_i h+\rho_i.
\end{align*}
Define
\begin{align*}
\Psi:\mathcal{O}_P^r&\to\mathcal{O}_P\\
(G_1,\ldots,G_r)&\mapsto \sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\rho_iG_i+hG_r
\end{align*}
and
\begin{align*}
T:\mathcal{O}_P^r&\to\mathcal{O}_P^r\\
(G_1,\ldots,G_r)&\mapsto \left(G_1,\ldots,G_{r-1},G_r+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}Q_iG_i\right).
\end{align*}
The inverse of $T$ subtracts $\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}Q_iG_i$ from the last component, so $T$ is an automorphism. For every section $G$,
\begin{align*}
\psi(G)=\Psi(TG),
\end{align*}
hence
\begin{align*}
\ker \psi=T^{-1}(\ker \Psi).
\end{align*}
Therefore it suffices to prove local finite generation for $\ker \Psi$.
[/step]
[step:Encode the remainder condition as a lower-dimensional kernel]
Let $\pi:P=P'\times D\to P'$ be the projection map $\pi(z',z_n)=z'$. Let $\mathcal{R}_{P'}:=\mathcal{O}_{P'}^d$ denote the free $\mathcal{O}_{P'}$-module of remainders of degree $<d$ in $z_n$. We identify a section $B=(B_0,\ldots,B_{d-1})$ of $\mathcal{R}_{P'}$ with the holomorphic function
\begin{align*}
\iota(B):P&\to\mathbb{C}\\
(z',z_n)&\mapsto \sum_{k=0}^{d-1}B_k(z')z_n^k.
\end{align*}
For a section $B=(B_1,\ldots,B_{r-1})$ of $\mathcal{R}_{P'}^{\,r-1}$, the product $\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\iota(B_i)\rho_i$ is a polynomial in $z_n$ with holomorphic coefficients on $P'$. Dividing it by $h$ gives a unique quotient and a unique remainder:
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\iota(B_i)\rho_i
=
A_Bh+\iota(R_B),
\end{align*}
where $R_B$ is a section of $\mathcal{R}_{P'}$. Define the $\mathcal{O}_{P'}$-module morphism
\begin{align*}
\Theta:\mathcal{R}_{P'}^{\,r-1}&\to\mathcal{R}_{P'}\\
B&\mapsto R_B.
\end{align*}
By the finite-target reduction and $\mathsf{Coh}(n-1)$, the sheaf $\ker \Theta$ is locally finitely generated near $0'$. Shrink $P'$ to a neighbourhood $W'$ of $0'$ and choose sections
\begin{align*}
B^1,\ldots,B^M \in \mathcal{R}_{P'}^{\,r-1}(W')
\end{align*}
which generate $\ker \Theta|_{W'}$. Put $W:=W'\times D$.
[guided]
The coefficients $\rho_i$ are already polynomials of degree $<d$ in the last variable. The only remaining obstruction to building syzygies is this: if the first $r-1$ components of a syzygy are reduced modulo $h$, then the expression $\sum B_i\rho_i$ must be divisible by $h$.
We formalize that obstruction over the base $P'\subset\mathbb{C}^{n-1}$. Let
\begin{align*}
\pi:P=P'\times D&\to P'\\
(z',z_n)&\mapsto z'
\end{align*}
be the projection. Let $\mathcal{R}_{P'}=\mathcal{O}_{P'}^d$ be the sheaf whose sections represent polynomials of degree $<d$ in $z_n$. A section $B=(B_0,\ldots,B_{d-1})$ corresponds to
\begin{align*}
\iota(B):P&\to\mathbb{C}\\
(z',z_n)&\mapsto \sum_{k=0}^{d-1}B_k(z')z_n^k.
\end{align*}
Now take a tuple $B=(B_1,\ldots,B_{r-1})$ of such remainders. Since each $\rho_i$ is also a polynomial in $z_n$ with coefficients on $P'$, the product $\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\iota(B_i)\rho_i$ is again a polynomial in $z_n$ with holomorphic coefficients on $P'$. Dividing by the monic polynomial $h$ gives a unique quotient and remainder:
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\iota(B_i)\rho_i
=
A_Bh+\iota(R_B),
\end{align*}
where $R_B$ has degree $<d$ in $z_n$. The assignment $B\mapsto R_B$ is $\mathcal{O}_{P'}$-linear, so it defines
\begin{align*}
\Theta:\mathcal{R}_{P'}^{\,r-1}&\to\mathcal{R}_{P'}\\
B&\mapsto R_B.
\end{align*}
The kernel of $\Theta$ consists exactly of those reduced tuples $B$ for which $\sum B_i\rho_i$ is divisible by $h$.
This is now a problem in $n-1$ variables, with finite free source and finite free target over $\mathcal{O}_{P'}$. By the finite-target reduction and the induction hypothesis $\mathsf{Coh}(n-1)$, $\ker\Theta$ is locally finitely generated. Hence, after shrinking $P'$ to a neighbourhood $W'$ of $0'$, there are sections
\begin{align*}
B^1,\ldots,B^M\in \mathcal{R}_{P'}^{\,r-1}(W')
\end{align*}
which generate $\ker\Theta|_{W'}$. We set $W=W'\times D$.
[/guided]
[/step]
[step:Lift the lower-dimensional generators to syzygies upstairs]
Write each generator $B^\alpha$ as
\begin{align*}
B^\alpha=(B^\alpha_1,\ldots,B^\alpha_{r-1}),
\qquad 1\leq \alpha\leq M,
\end{align*}
where each $B^\alpha_i$ is regarded, through $\iota$, as a holomorphic function on $W$. Since $B^\alpha\in\ker\Theta(W')$, there is a unique holomorphic function $A^\alpha:W\to\mathbb{C}$, polynomial in $z_n$ with holomorphic coefficients on $W'$, such that
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}B^\alpha_i\rho_i=A^\alpha h.
\end{align*}
Define sections
\begin{align*}
S_\alpha:=\left(B^\alpha_1,\ldots,B^\alpha_{r-1},-A^\alpha\right)\in\mathcal{O}_W^r(W),
\qquad 1\leq \alpha\leq M.
\end{align*}
Then $\Psi(S_\alpha)=0$.
For $1\leq i\leq r-1$, define the elementary section
\begin{align*}
E_i:=h e_i-\rho_i e_r\in\mathcal{O}_W^r(W).
\end{align*}
Since
\begin{align*}
\Psi(E_i)=\rho_i h+h(-\rho_i)=0,
\end{align*}
each $E_i$ is also a section of $\ker\Psi$.
[/step]
[step:Generate every syzygy by division and lower-dimensional generation]
We prove that the finite family
\begin{align*}
E_1,\ldots,E_{r-1},S_1,\ldots,S_M
\end{align*}
generates $\ker\Psi|_W$.
Fix a point $q=(q',q_n)\in W$ and a germ
\begin{align*}
G=(G_1,\ldots,G_r)\in(\ker\Psi)_q.
\end{align*}
For each $1\leq i\leq r-1$, the Weierstrass Division Theorem applied in the local ring $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ gives unique germs $C_i\in\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ and $D_i\in\mathcal{R}_{W',q'}$ such that
\begin{align*}
G_i=C_ih+D_i.
\end{align*}
Subtract the elementary syzygies:
\begin{align*}
G-\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i
=
\left(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1},G_r+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_i\rho_i\right).
\end{align*}
This germ is still in $\ker\Psi_q$. Therefore
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}D_i\rho_i
+
h\left(G_r+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_i\rho_i\right)
=0.
\end{align*}
Taking the Weierstrass remainder modulo $h$, the second term has remainder $0$ and the zero germ has remainder $0$; uniqueness of the remainder gives
\begin{align*}
\Theta(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1})=0.
\end{align*}
Since $B^1,\ldots,B^M$ generate $\ker\Theta$ near $q'$, there are germs $\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_M\in\mathcal{O}_{W',q'}$ such that
\begin{align*}
(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1})
=
\sum_{\alpha=1}^M \lambda_\alpha B^\alpha.
\end{align*}
Pull each $\lambda_\alpha$ back to $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ through $\pi$ and denote the pullback by $\widetilde{\lambda}_\alpha$. Then
\begin{align*}
G-\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i-\sum_{\alpha=1}^M\widetilde{\lambda}_\alpha S_\alpha
=
(0,\ldots,0,H)
\end{align*}
for some germ $H\in\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$. The left-hand side lies in $\ker\Psi_q$, so $hH=0$ in $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$. The local ring of holomorphic germs $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ is an integral domain by the Identity Theorem for Holomorphic Functions, and $h$ is a nonzero germ because it is monic in $z_n$. Hence $H=0$. Thus $G$ is an $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$-linear combination of the displayed finite family.
Since $q\in W$ was arbitrary, $\ker\Psi|_W$ is locally generated by $E_1,\ldots,E_{r-1},S_1,\ldots,S_M$.
[guided]
We now show that the constructed syzygies generate all local syzygies. Fix a point $q=(q',q_n)\in W$ and a germ
\begin{align*}
G=(G_1,\ldots,G_r)\in(\ker\Psi)_q.
\end{align*}
The equation $G\in\ker\Psi_q$ means
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\rho_iG_i+hG_r=0
\end{align*}
in the local ring $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$.
The purpose of the elementary syzygies $E_i=h e_i-\rho_i e_r$ is to remove all multiples of $h$ from the first $r-1$ components. For each $i$, Weierstrass division by $h$ gives unique germs $C_i\in\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ and $D_i\in\mathcal{R}_{W',q'}$ such that
\begin{align*}
G_i=C_ih+D_i.
\end{align*}
Subtracting $\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i$ replaces $G_i$ by its remainder $D_i$:
\begin{align*}
G-\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i
=
\left(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1},G_r+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_i\rho_i\right).
\end{align*}
Because each $E_i$ is itself a syzygy, this new germ is still in $\ker\Psi_q$. Therefore
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}D_i\rho_i
+
h\left(G_r+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_i\rho_i\right)
=0.
\end{align*}
Now take the remainder after division by $h$. The term multiplied by $h$ has zero remainder, and the zero germ also has zero remainder. By uniqueness in the Weierstrass Division Theorem, the remainder of $\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}D_i\rho_i$ is zero. In the notation of the previous step, this says
\begin{align*}
\Theta(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1})=0.
\end{align*}
Thus the reduced tuple $(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1})$ belongs to the lower-dimensional kernel $\ker\Theta$ at $q'$. Since the sections $B^1,\ldots,B^M$ generate $\ker\Theta$ near $q'$, there exist germs $\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_M\in\mathcal{O}_{W',q'}$ such that
\begin{align*}
(D_1,\ldots,D_{r-1})
=
\sum_{\alpha=1}^M \lambda_\alpha B^\alpha.
\end{align*}
Pull these coefficients back along $\pi$ to germs $\widetilde{\lambda}_\alpha\in\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$. Subtracting the lifted syzygies gives
\begin{align*}
G-\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i-\sum_{\alpha=1}^M\widetilde{\lambda}_\alpha S_\alpha
=
(0,\ldots,0,H)
\end{align*}
for some germ $H\in\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$.
The left-hand side is a syzygy because it is obtained from $G$ by subtracting syzygies. Applying $\Psi$ to $(0,\ldots,0,H)$ gives $hH$, so
\begin{align*}
hH=0
\end{align*}
in $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$. The ring $\mathcal{O}_{W,q}$ is an integral domain by the Identity Theorem for Holomorphic Functions, and $h$ is not the zero germ because it is monic as a polynomial in $z_n$. Hence $H=0$. Therefore
\begin{align*}
G=
\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}C_iE_i+\sum_{\alpha=1}^M\widetilde{\lambda}_\alpha S_\alpha.
\end{align*}
This proves that the finite family $E_1,\ldots,E_{r-1},S_1,\ldots,S_M$ generates $\ker\Psi$ at every point of $W$.
[/guided]
[/step]
[step:Return to the original morphism and complete the induction]
We have proved local finite generation for $\ker\Psi$ on $W$. Since
\begin{align*}
\ker\psi=T^{-1}(\ker\Psi),
\end{align*}
and $T$ is an automorphism of $\mathcal{O}_W^r$, the sheaf $\ker\psi|_W$ is locally finitely generated. Multiplication of the target by the unit $u^{-1}$ did not change the kernel, and the preliminary reindexing and biholomorphic coordinate change preserve finite generation under the corresponding sheaf isomorphisms. Therefore $\ker\phi$ is locally finitely generated in a neighbourhood of the original point $p$.
The point $p\in U$ was arbitrary, so $\mathsf{Coh}(n)$ follows from $\mathsf{Coh}(n-1)$. Since $\mathsf{Coh}(0)$ holds, induction gives $\mathsf{Coh}(n)$ for every $n\geq 0$. In particular, for every open set $U\subset\mathbb{C}^n$, every $r\geq 1$, and every $\mathcal{O}_U$-module morphism $\phi:\mathcal{O}_U^r\to\mathcal{O}_U$, the sheaf $\ker\phi$ is locally finitely generated. Thus $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^n}$ is coherent as an $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{C}^n}$-module.
[/step]
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